Her rectal temperature was 37.7 degrees Celsius pre-operation. Normal temperatures are around 38.5  - 39.0 degrees for a puppy. She was going into hypothermia. I gave her a dextrose drip prior to anaesthesia to increase her chances of survival.

I covered the puppy with a face mask to give her the gas anaesthesia.

She struggled weakly to avoid breathing the gas. Would her heart fail to beat in the struggle? When she was just in deep anaesthesia stage 10 minutes later, I pulled her tongue and inserted a 3/0 endotracheal tube (breathing tube) inserted into the windpipe.

I incised the thin skin. A big operation wound from her navel to her sternum. The hernia was massive unlike other dogs as the linea alba connecting the left and right halves of the muscles was split. I exposed a big 8-cm hole after undermining the skin. The light brown liver lobes and intestines glistened under the operating light. .

Where were the left and right abdominal muscle layers needed to stitch up to cover this gap?  The paper-thin skin was just holding the internal organs.

Nurse Ann furrowed her forehead: "The puppy is moving her front legs." The light brown liver lobes and the large intestinal loops started to spill out of the incision. 

"Increase the anaesthetic by 0.5%" I said to Nurse Ann. Would the puppy die? What would be the safest dose of gas? There was no fixed percentage for high- risk puppies but normal adult dogs could be maintained on 2.0 - 2.5% of the gaseous anaesthetic. I had to be observant.

I needed to operate fast. But where were the two left and right abdominal muscle layers to stitch and close up the wound? In small hernias, I could see the muscles as the gap was small.

This was a 8 cm diameter hole protected by the skin only. Were there any muscles in the first place?  I loosened the skin layer by undermining the skin with my scissors.

I lifted the skin up with the forceps. The muscles had retracted far away, nearer to the top of the rib cage. I snipped off the excess skin stretched paper-thin by the herniated intestines. I pulled the left and right layers of the skin and stitched them. 

The puppy was kept warm in a cage after the end of the operation. 12 hours later, she could not sit up. Fainted. She was hypothermic again and laid down on her side. Would she survive? She was forced fed an egg.    
 
24 hours later, she could eat on her own. She sat on her sternum like all puppies. But she was not eating much. I checked her gums. They were pale pink. The tongue was also pale pink. She coughed occasionally. A dry hacking cough, just like the kennel cough common in puppies kept at pet shops. No fever.

She screamed when I injected antibiotics and dextrose saline under her skin to rehydrate her and given her nutrients. Would she survive the kennel cough infection? I force fed her another egg and went to see Mr Formicelli's mother. 

She must have thought that I wanted to return the puppy and wanting my money back. Like so many buyers who became unhappy after purchasing unhealthy puppies from pet shops.

"What brand of puppy food did you feed the Shih Tzu?" I asked as I showed her a sample of what I fed to the puppy. The puppy was not eating much and it might be because I fed her another brand of dry feed.

"That's brand A," she said instantly as she recognised the greenish brown triangular  pellets.

"I feed the Shih Tzu brand B." She presented me a small plastic container of small globular chocolate brown pellets. She stopped her sales girl who was selling me a full bag.  Then she sealed a small plastic bag of oats for this Shih Tzu. I thanked her. The puppy was used to the breeder's formula and it would be wise to give the same feed.

36 hours later, the Shih Tzu had better appetite and passed a larger amount of greenish stools. She barked strongly and her tongue was a better colour of pink. That was a good indicator of good health. This was a real hardy Shih Tzu. If she could live for the next seven days, the shadows of death would be banished by the light of life.

Why did Mr Formicelli not operate this puppy earlier? A stitch in time saves nine. I just had to know. I mobile phoned him. "The puppy had fever the past week and was treated," Mr Formicelli explained. "I would send her for surgery when she had fully recovered in two weeks' time."

I told him that her mum had sold the puppy to me. Breeders lose their respect for vets who tout for their business patronage. Respect does not pay the bills though as the cost of doing business keeps going up in Singapore as the bureaucrats think of ways to  charge fees for new and various licensing regulations to justify their bonuses and existence. Sometimes it is better for a veterinarian to be flexible in dealing with large breeders rather than ask for respect. Touting may not gain respect but it puts bread on the table.     

There are many canine problems in the pet shop and breeding farms to treat, but the cost-conscious operators would rather self-treat.  If they could operate on hernias, they would do them.

In this Shih Tzu, an early operation at four weeks of age would be best. If she survived the anaesthesia,  she would have put on weight and be valued at $800 for sale at 3 months of age.  The anaesthetic time would  be much shorter. "A stitch in time saves nine" seems appropriate for this case, thanks to my English teacher who used to force the students of my generation to memorise such phases in the primary school in the 1960s.

There was a possibility of Mr Formicelli spending more than $200 and losing a puppy during or after anaesthesia. If the puppy was not operated and died, it would just be one of those losses in the dog breeding business.  It was pragmatic of him not to throw good money after bad as there was no guarantee that the puppy would not die on the operating table. 

The puppy was weak during the 3 days after surgery. Her tongue was pale. She was hand fed and given antibiotics and fluid therapy. In the second week after surgery, she put on weight. Her incisor teeth had not erupted yet as Shih Tzus take a longer time. She was a very small sized puppy now.

It took another 2 months of nursing before this Shih Tzu put on weight as normal puppies do. Eat, sleep and play.  Small circular patches of hair loss appeared under her armpits and in her groin. It was a ringworm infection.

Nurse Ann shampooed her with the anti-fungal wash. More red circles appeared on her elbow and body. The washing could spread more fungal spores.   I gave her anti-ringworm medication for twenty days as well as the shampoo. She recovered after 3 weeks of treatment.

Nurse Ann put the advertisement of  "puppy for sale" in the internet. She wanted to sell the puppy because giving her away to Singaporean friends was not good for the puppy. When puppies are presented to friends, they are not well looked after as compared to paying a price for it. Some friends return the puppy later when they get fed up of the puppy or when the puppy is sick. This is a type of Singaporean culture that still exists in 2008. It is quite distressful to the original owners of the puppy when friends abandon and return a living gift.

Nurse Ann sold the puppy for $100 to a young couple who was informed that she had an umbilical hernia repair.  

With education during my extension visits in the 2003 -2005 period, professional dog breeders were asked not to breed from affected parental stock as umbilical hernias are hereditary. What happened was that beautiful Shih Tzu pups or those with the beautiful colours were bred, resulting in several cases of umbilical hernias in Shih Tzus seen in the 3 professional dog breeders who wanted me to vaccinate their puppies. For the breeders, selling a puppy with umbilical hernia is not a good business proposition as the buyer may return the puppy and want the money back after a veterinary purchase examination.   

UPDATE IN 2008. Seldom will Singaporeans find a Shih Tzu puppy with hernia for sale at the pet shop or the breeders.  The breeders had been educated and they eliminate breeding from affected parental stock.

UPDATE IN 2011. Umbilical hernias in Shih Tzu puppies are relatively rare in Singapore  nowadays as the professional dog breeders get wiser and stop breeding from affected ones.
See a case report of the Inguinal hernia in a Shih Tzu puppy in Hawaii.

UMBILICAL HERNIA REPAIR SURGERY.
Umbilical hernia repairs can be done in 6-8-week-old puppies under general anaesthesia gas. No food for 6 hours prior to surgery. No tranquilisation. Straight into gas mask. Intubate the puppy. The maintenance dose is around 0.5-1%. Be observant and give the minimal dose. Prepare pre-op. Surgery must be quick to minimise risks of death.